BIOLOGY 1
5- Kingdom classification (Based on NCERT)
v Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894). Robert
Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living
organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.
v The classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, and is widely used.
v These groups are formed on the basis of their cell
structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.
v The modification Woese introduced by dividing the Monera
into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria) is also in use.
v Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy
of characteristics into smaller and smaller groups, we arrive at the basic unit
of classification, which is a 'species'.
v The important characteristics of the five kingdoms of
Whittaker are as follows:
Monera
v These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or
organelles, nor do any of them show multi-cellular body designs.
v On the other hand, they show diversity based on many
other characteristics. Some of them have cell walls while some do not.
v The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be
either by
v Synthesising their own food (autotrophic) or - getting it
from the environment - (heterotrophic). This group includes bacteria, Blue-green
algae or cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma.
Protista
v This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic
organisms.
v Some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair-like
cilia or whip-like flagella for moving around.
v Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
v Examples are unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.
Fungi
v These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
v They use decaying organic material as food and are
therefore called saprophytes.
v Many of them have the capacity to multicellular
organismes at certain stages in their lives.
v They have cell-walls made of a though complex sugar
called chitin.
v Examples are yeast and mushrooms
v Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent
relationships with blue green algae (or cyanobacteria).
v Such relationships are called symbiotic.
v These symbiobic life forms are called lichens.
v We have all seen lichens as the slow-growing large
coloured patches on the bark of trees.
Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi)
v Saprolegnia
v Rhizopus
v Mucor
v Albugo
v Pythium
 |
| Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi) |
Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)
v Yeast
v Aspergillus
v Penicillium
v Neurospora
v Peziza
 |
| Ascomycetes (Sac fungi) |
v Agaricus
v Polyporus
v Puccinia
v Ustilago
v Lycoperdon
 |
| Basidiomycetes (Gill fungi/ Bracket fungi) |
Deuteromycetes (fungi impertecti)
v Cercospora
v Collectotrichum
v Trichoderma
v Pyricularia
v Fusarium
 |
| Deuteromycetes (fungi impertecti) |
DIVISION: THALLOPHYTA (ALGAE)
o
Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, thalloid,
autotrophic organisms.
o
They are largely aquatic (both marine and
freshwater) and some occur on moist soil, stones/rocks or wood; some are
epiphytes on animals like sloth bear and some are symbionts in lichens.
o
Asexuat reproduction occurs during favourable
conditions by the formation of zoospores or aplanospores.
o
Sexual reproduction may be isogamous (e.g.,
some species of Chlamydomonas), anisogamous (e.g., Ulothrix) or oogamous (e.g.,
Volvox, Fucus, etc.) .
o
Algae are classified based on
(i)
the type of pigments and
(ii) the nature of reserve food into three classes namely
Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae
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